A SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS C4.I.S.R :
C4 I S R system -Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance – can be understood as :
“ A network to exchange information between assets, which can be AEW&C, Ground Radar stations, surface Naval warships, UAV’s equipped with various Electro-optical / Infrared EO / IR equipment and even individual personnel. “
C4ISR is a vitally important area in modern battle filed management.
The modern battlefield is a constantly evolving reality; new information has to be identified and passed onto the right respondents. Consider the Strategic advantage by having An early radar picking up enemy strike aircraft at 200 km away from an ongoing ground battle; the INTEL passed on instantaneously in secured way i,e in real-time to Command / Control Center , Own Fighter Interceptors,Air Defense Batteries and Cruise Missile Launchers.
The ‘first-look’, ‘first-shoot’ and ‘first-kill’ capability …..!
Lets examine the Detection, Surveillance & Recon part – Historically PAF had many systems operating but in isolation such as :
Czech Republic Vera-NG radar systems operating in accordance with Method TDOA (Time Difference Of Arrival).
This is a method of measuring the time difference, detection and sticking radio radiation sources based on differential propagation time of electromagnetic waves radiated from the source to the receiver station.
The complex consists of 3 Vera-NG radio signal receiver (next station) covers 360 degrees azimuth, each station undertook an angle greater than 120 degrees tidbits.
A radio receiver cum central processing station in the middle acts as a secondary radio station and the central computer will synthesize conjunction, all synchronized to the received signal.
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THE CURRENT CAPABILITY ADDITIONS :
Pakistan Military arms of Airforce and Army Air defense in close Synergy are upgrading defensive capabilities, such as Advanced Radars, Communication systems, and SAMs, to purposely organize these Assets into what is termed an “Integrated Air Defense System”
—or An I.A.D.S .
This modern IADS is far more complex than a singular LY-80 SAM / HQ-9P battery or its associated command vehicle and radar.
An IADS is the “structure, equipment, personnel, procedures, and weapons used to counter the enemy’s airborne penetration of one’s own claimed territory,”
Due to its geographical location in the vicinity of the most volatile regions of the world & couriering the difficult Terrain / Geography involved , the deployment of an advanced air defense system against the threat posed by the missile and aircraft capabilities in the arsenals of a number of surrounding countries has become an urgent necessity for Pakistan.
Pakistan depended heavily on Airborne method of detection , Surveillance and Tracking through AEW&C Fleet of capable SAAB Eri Eyes and dependable ZDK-03 Karakorum Eagles Fleet . As part of strengthening the Layered – Integrated Air defense Capabilities of Pakistan Air Defense – It was hinted since long that Pakistan is missing a Long – to – Medium range SAM System and also needs to upgrade Ground based Radars for improved coverage.
Vera NG , ZDK-03 , DA-20 , ERIEYE
FD-2000 or HQ-9 A/B was always touted as Pakistan’s choice. Pakistan has acquired and commissioned HQ -9 / P into its integrated Air defense system linked with AEW&C , Anti Stealth Radars & BeiDou GPS System.
The system is called “ Comprehensive Layered Integrated Air Defence (CLIAD) “.
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JY-27A , YLC-18A and TPS-77 MRR
are the new Ground based Radars of “ Low Level Radar coverage for Pakistan going forward as they are less prone to Jamming and would be an attempt to efficiently plug potential ‘gaps’.
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USA LOCKHEED “TPS-77 MULTI – ROLE RADAR” [MRR]
As per details, a US defense firm Lockheed Martin supplied the TPS-77 MRR to Pakistan , which is a long-range, ground-based air search radar. It has ranges approaching 500 km with Action-Based Testing (ABT) detection at 300 km for typical fighter aircraft.
The design also incorporates GaN technology and LPI features which prevent the RWR of enemy fighters from getting triggered.
Multi-mission capable with the ability to simultaneously detect ultra-low to high altitude targets while performing its normal surveillance mission ; Lockheed Martin’s long range and medium range radars set the industry standard for ground-based air surveillance.
The Multi-Role Radar (TPS-77 MRR) is designed for ultra-low power consumption and is a highly mobile version of Lockheed Martin’s successful TPS-77 product line. This high-performing radar, configurable for long and medium range, is more transportable than the TPS-77.
Quick Facts
Role and Mobility :Long-Range Air Surveillance, Low-Level Flight Surveillance, UAV Detection, Ballistic Missile Warning; Road-mobile
- Frequency : L-Band
- Range : 463 km
- Air Defense Interceptor Systems : N/A [integrated with PAF HIMAD]
- Targets : Tactical Ballistic Missiles and UAVs
- Status/Exports Operational ; Latvia , Pakistan
- Producer : Lockheed Martin USA
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With more than 60 years of experience developing and delivering ground-based radar solutions to customers, LM high-performing, high-reliability, solid state radar systems specialize in early warning, situational awareness, tactical ballistic missile surveillance, and defense.
LM TPS-77 MMR radars are designed with the highest degree of commonality and fully integrated Solid State Radar systems. They can operate in all environments, are available in highly mobile configurations, and are deployed worldwide.
TPS-77 radars are the only radars in the world that provide valley coverage and long-range detection capabilities. With the deployment of these systems, Pakistan will have the capability to curb the drug traffickers’ unrestricted movement into the borders from neighboring countries,
27 x TPS-77-MRR https://t.co/T9qv4qTaoL pic.twitter.com/iX5baNKoc5— AERIAL WARRIOR (@zspcl) April 10, 2022
INDIGENOUS EFFORTS – A SNAPSHOT
From 2016:-
#PAKISTAN Develops Its own radar system Director Vision Pakistan Air Force Commodore Fazal Mahmood says Radar system provided to Jordan.#PAF pic.twitter.com/xNY4KXoBRu— ATV (@atvpakistan) November 25, 2016
In 1975 Pakistan Air Defence Command was established. By the mid-1980s, it had become responsible for coordinating and monitoring air defence developments across each of the PAF’s regional commands (i.e. Northern, Central, and Southern) . Decades back – AN / TPS-43 With a maximum detection range of 400 km, formed the high-altitude search umbrella of the PAF’s integrated air defense system – with the German MPDRs serving as low-level sensors . Pakistan ADGES program began in 1977 and is referred to as the “Pakistan Air defence System 77″ (PADS 77) , developed by Hughes Corporation, at least till 1987. It was estimated to cost $120 million of which half went for infrastructure and half for six TPS-43G radars which form its basis.
[PROJECT CRYSTAL].
Frequency Ranges :
- TPS 43: 2,900 – 3 100 MHz
- TPS 77: 1,215 – 1,400 MHz
- YLC2–: 1,240 – 1,400 MHz
- YLC6–: 2,000 – 3,900 MHz (S) band
- MPDR 45: 400 – 1,550 MHz (L band )
Important to note, during the 2021 Dubai Air Show, Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) indicated that it is overhauling the Lockheed Martin TPS-77 MRR.
Sino – Turkiye – Pakistan Military Defence · September 25, 2020
PAKISTAN’S AIR DEFENSE – ANALYSIS OF TPS 77 HLR
TPS-77 HIGH LEVEL RADAR LOCKHEED MARTIN Sino Pak Military Defense Forum INTRO :- Air defence of Pakistan is based on an “Integrated Layered defence network” ; which consists of :- * Multiple layers of short to medium ranged missile sites * Their combination with multiple radar systems that provide ”Near gap free surveillance” * Air borne surveillance aircraft ( AEW&C) * Control centers and Air bases which have to ability of scrambling Fighter Jets / Interceptor on interception missions. at short notice time. OVERALL STRUCTURE PAF is “responsible for the overall command and control of air defense and operates all early warning airborne [systems] and radars” as well as airfield defenses ; Whereas Pak Army operates SAM systems that defend “Countrywide vulnerable areas / Points as well as over the battlefield “. Pakistan Land based Radar Capability was largely covered by GIRAFFE radars which provided surveillance and Air defense Command & Control systems tailored for operations with medium and short range air defense missile or gun systems or for use as gap-fillers in a larger air defense system. They provide multi-beam three-dimensional air coverage at 5.4 to 5.9 GHz with instrumented ranges of 30 km (19 mi), 60 km (37 mi) and 100 km (62 mi); the altitude coverage is extended from ground-level to 20,000 metres (66,000 ft) with 70-degree elevation coverage. GIRAFFE radars also give automatic hovering helicopter detection, which is an artillery and mortar locating function that allow the radars to detect incoming rounds and give 20 seconds or more of warning before impact. A skilled crew can deploy these radars in around 10 minutes and recover it in around 6 minutes. PAF is operating 5 types of combat radars : 3 of them are HLRs high level radars 2 of them are MLRs low/medium level radars ; They are used to conduct ground control interceptions and also for surveillance of Pakistani air space . TPS-77 HIGH LEVEL RADAR Formerly known as the TPS-117 ; Replacements for the TPS-43G, that Pakistan procured in 1985. TPS-77 MULTI-ROLE RADAR SYSTEM Multi-Role Radar System is a state of the art Surveillance Radar made by USA based Lockheed Martin. TPS-77 MULTI-ROLE RADAR SYSTEM is designed for ultra-low power consumption and is the most mobile version of Lockheed Martin’s successful TPS-77 product line. This high-performing radar, configurable for long or medium range, can be vehicle mounted or easily transported via C-130, truck, rail or helicopter. AN/TPS-77 is the mobile version of the AN/FPS-117 radar. It’s a three-dimensional, tactical transportable, long-range air surveillance radar with the same range as the AN/FPS-117 of 470 km. The two systems share an 80 percent commonality rate. L BAND, 3-D, tactical transportable long range air surveillance radar uses an active electronically scanned array (AESA), to generate a number of pencil beams. As the radar rotates through each 360-degree scan, the system automatically adjusts to the operator selected mission. Changes can be made easily if the system is moved or if the mission is changed. The design also incorporates Gallium Nitride (GaN) technology. GaN (GaN-on-SiC) based RF / microwave transistor and microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) grown on Silicon Carbide; It provides great advantages in size, weight, power and reliability metrics at system level due to its power per field, easier adaptability, refraction voltage and radiation resistance in space applications. GaN provides for ultra-low power consumption and high reliability that ensures radar operation over extended time periods. The radar use a variety of interference rejection techniques. These include greater than 10 percent agile bandwidth, pulse-to-pulse frequency agility, low side-lobes, side-lobe blanking, MTI and constant false alarm rate processing, pseudo-random pulse repetition frequency, pseudo-random beam positioning, and a linear frequency-modulated waveform. However, unlike the AN/FPS-117, the AN/TPS-77 can be easily transported and deployed to operate all over the globe. AN/TPS-77 is transportable on the ground by train and truck and in the air by helicopter and cargo plane. Operating in the L-Band frequency, the AN/TPS-77 radar asserts superior long-range detection capabilities and allows for accurate position determination with every “hit” on a target. Frequency Band (D/L) – 1215 to 1400 MHz Active Electronic Elevation Scanning Array Solid State Transmitters Multi-Role Characteristics Operator Mission Selection by Azimuth Maximum Elevation Coverage Transmit Power MISSION CAPABILITY : 1. Long Range 2. Gap Filler Radar 3. UAV Detection 4. Low Level Flight Surveillance 5. Tactical Ballistic Missile Warning 6. Ground Based Air Defense 7. Maritime Surveillance 8. Border Security / Surveillance 9. Ground Control Intercept Drug Interdiction 10. Terminal Control Radar SYSTEM DETAILS * System Reliability Availability 99.9% * Critical MTBF > 2000 Hours * MTTR < 45 Minutes * Frequency Control 4 Agility Modes 100 Center Frequencies * Azimuth Based Control Target Loading 1500 Plots * Transportation Configuration C-130, Helicopter, Truck, Train * Long Range Surveillance Mission Coverage Volume Range 10 – 463 km (5 – 250 nmi) * Azimuth 360° * Height Coverage 0 – 30.5 km (0 – 100 kft) * Elevation Coverage 0° – +20° with electronically adjustable tilt * Scan Rate 5 RPM PERFORMANCE : * Target Size Typical fighter aircraft Probability of Detection 80% – 90% * PD Range 259 km (140 nmi) PD Height up to 30.5 km (100 kft) * Accuracy – up to 15.2 km (50 kft) Range < 50 m (164 ft) out to 222 km (120 nmi) * Azimuth < 0.22° out to 222 km (120 nmi) * Height < 915 m (3000 ft) out to 185 km (100 nmi) * Low Level Flight Surveillance Mission * Coverage Volume * Range 2 – 150 km (1 – 81 nmi) * Azimuth 360° * Height Coverage 0 – 15 km (0 – 50 kft) * Elevation Coverage 0° – +30° with electronically adjustable tilt * Scan Rate 10 RPM CONCLUDING REMARKS Pakistan reportedly deployed medium-range LY-80/HQ-16 air defense systems in Kashmir to deter further Indian incursions after Feb 2019. In February – March 2020 , DOPP Air Pakistan released tenders for “the procurement of radomes for TPS-77 MRR and YLC-18A radars.” As of the March 2020 tender notice, the PAF expects implementation to start in three months of contract signing. According to the 2017-2018 disclosure by the Pakistan MODP, PAF ordered five YLC-18A ‘multi-role radars’ for $24.9 million US against the military’s development package for the year. The tender implies that the Radomes (a structure that protects radars) are for new systems. There is a pressing need for long-range SAMs [surface-to-air missiles] Deployment by Pakistan in this era of standoff weapons delivery, Reports claim Pakistan has HQ-9 / FD-2000 Batteries from China being deployed. Thanks for reading.
The Directorate of Procurement (Air) for the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) has issued invitations for tenders to procure an undisclosed number of Radomes for the service’s Lockheed Martin AN/TPS-77 and China Electronics Technology Group Corporation (CETC) YLC-18A ground-based air-defence radar systems.
The move, which was announced on 11 March, comes after Pakistan’s Ministry of Defense Production (MoDP) revealed in its yearbook for 2017-18, which was released in September 2019, that the PAF had placed an order worth USD2 4.9 million for five of the Chinese-made YLC-18A radars.
In MoDP Yearbook 2017-18, purchase of 10× Low level radars worth US$ 130 million was reported in addition to 5× YLC-18As (US$ 25 million).
PAKISTAN DEFENSE JOURNAL PDJ · March 9, 2022
Development and Assembly of Major technology related to AESA Radars, locally in Pakistan.
Radar Superiority Across All Domains Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) systems represent a huge leap forward in radar technology. A phased array system, which consists of an array of antennas which form a beam of radio waves that can be aimed in different directions by Radars without physically moving the antennae themselves. The AESA was a step forward, a major one over the Passive electronically scanned array (PESA) radar, a solid state system which takes a signal from a single source and uses the phase shifter modules to selectively delay certain parts of the signal while allowing others to transmit without delay. Unlike a PESA, which uses one Transmitter – Receiver module TRM , AESA uses many transmitter/receiver modules which are interfaced with the antenna elements and can produce multiple, simultaneous radar beams at different frequencies. Each of these modules acts as its own miniature radar generating a radio frequency (RF) signal and waveform. As the operational frequency increases, the size of the antenna decreases. [T / R Module – Includes a Phase shifter, switching circuity, a high-power amplifier for the transmit signal, and a low-noise amplification for the receive signal.] Main benefits 1. Resistance to Electronic Jamming 2. Low Interception 3. Increased Reliability 4. Integration as an EW aperture utilizing the AESA’s multi-function array (MFA) Using the the same antenna front end, including radar, communication (data links), and jamming (electronic warfare, EW). A fighter aircraft equipped with an AESA EW system could simultaneously jam a hostile fighter aircraft’s X-band fire control radar, which tend to transmit in wavebands of 8.5 GHz to 10.68 GHz, an incoming air-to-air missile’s Ka-band (33.4 GHz to 36 GHz) radar seeker, and a ground-based air surveillance radar’s C-band (5.25 GHz to 5.925 GHz) transmissions. 5. Multi-Mode Capability * Autonomous, all-environment stand-off precision targeting * BIG Synthetic Aperture Radar SAR wide area high-res maps * High quality, coordinate generation * Greater target detection and tracking range * Faster search and target acquisition * Smaller target detection * Multi-target tracking * Robust electronic protection (A/A and A/G) * Enhanced combat ID * Interleaved mode operations for greater situational awareness * Maritime – Sea Search modes * 3-5X greater reliability and availability * Real beam mapping * Ground moving target indication and tracking * Active & Passive modes RF section of today’s many T/R modules for AESA applications are typically based on GaAs technology. GaN – Gold Standard AESA systems require multiple, compact power amplifiers. Achieving this level of high output power in a small space requires a solution with high power density and wide bandwidth – an ideal use case for Gallium nitride (GaN) semiconductor technology which is the Gold Standard today. Gallium nitride, or GaN, is a semiconductor material with high breakdown voltage and high electron mobility. Similar to gallium arsenide (GaAs), the high electron mobility enables high frequency operation; unlike GaAs, however, the high breakdown voltage of GaN supports high electric field strength in the device. By operating at a higher voltage, GaN-based amplifiers are able to provide a much higher output power in a smaller space. ======================================================= BRIEF DETAILS OF DEVELOPMENT Pakistan has completed the ground-up development of GaN-based Transmitter – Receiver module TRMs locally with roots back to AESA Radar assembly assistance for JF-17 Thunder Block -IIIs by China. Only a handful countries are in possession of this technology which has applications in Naval, Land and Airborne Detection , Surveillance , Tracking & Jamming. GaN technology in the design of the TR module’s power amplifier maximizes the transmit output power while minimizing the physical size. In addition to shrinking the size of the amplifier die, the use of high-power GaN reduces the need to use many lower-power devices. GaN is the best option for high-frequency operation. As an added benefit, GaN devices not only enable high-frequency operation, they also are an ideal choice for wide bandwidths. As far as specifications are concerned – These Locally produced modules are Quad T/R Modules QTRM 10.0 Watt per channel Powered for the x band Airborne Fire Control Radar FCR.The arrangement is in Quad modules ; these quads are arranged in form of planks.The AESA FCR is reported to be developed for >1200 Modules. This is a common Power module used in western designs. Yet these Arrays have Twice the power output rated Compared to Indian one in Uttam. The S-Band ground-based radars are also in completion for, Pakistan’s very own AESA Radars. Just for reference – Uttam features Quad TRM based on GaA Technology ~184 QTRMs i.e. 736 TRMs with only 7360 W of peak power. These AvRID – NUST TRM’s have been designed by NUST / AvRID & Civilian engineers , supported by the Chinese and Pakistan Military together. The development paves the way for other future applications such as Arrays for Naval, AEW &C & RW electronic warfare. Arraytech developes Transmit-Receive-Receive (TRR) module for phased array mono-pulse radar for ground based systems via Techology Transfer Office of NUST. The project was a successful indigenisation effort for potential use in air-traffic control and surveillance applications through academia-industry partnership between RIMMS-NUST and RWR (Pvt.) Ltd. =======================================================
A Chinese YLC-6 Pictured below
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Chinese Star attractions — YLC-18A & JY-27A
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Pakistan ordered 5× YLC-18A Multi Role Radars in FY 2017-18.
YLC-18A is a long-range, ground-based L-band 3D AESA low-level gap filler air search radar developed by Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology, designed to counter stealth targets even in a heavy ECM environment.
China-made YLC-18A is specifically designed to counter and track the US F-35 Lightning II Aircraft and F-22 Raptor Aircraft. It carries a range of up to 200 km in a complex and hybrid electronic warfare environment.
CETC YLC-18 radar is a two-vehicle convoy, high mobility, medium-range, low-altitude 3D radar announced by CETC in June 2007 at Singapore.
YLC-18 radar, developed by the 14th Institute of Electrical Sciences of China, is high maneuverable three-coordinate low altitude blind compensation radar with outstanding performance. It can be used not only as a low-altitude target detection radar and medium-altitude surveillance radar to build a radar intelligence network, but also as an anti-aircraft artillery force or surface-to-air missile force target indicator radar.
YLC-18 radar is mainly used to detect low-altitude and medium-altitude aircraft, armed helicopters or cruise missiles. It has a good detection probability for low and small targets.
The YLC-18 radar antenna can elevate, so that it can detect low altitude flying objects, radar antennas high-speed rotation, in a short period of time is also one of the secrets of the radars low altitude detection capability. YLC 18 has high measurement accuracy and strong ECCM capability.YLC-18A is a Long Range Three Dimension Low Altitude Blind Compensation Radar. The YLC-18A is basically low and medium altitude target detection and surveillance radar that can also be used as a Surface to Air Missile (SAM) target indicator and Anti-Aircraft Artillery Force. It is equipped with the new Giga Flops Digital Signal Processor and it is capable of Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) processing and Digital Moving Target Indication (DMTI). YLC-18A Radar System is characterized by the high maneuverability and high speed technology, which can be ready on a short notice. The Radar Antenna can easily be elevated to scan the low altitude terrains. It has a Range of 200 Kilometers in Complex and Hybrid Electronic Warfare Environment.
The reported system features are excellent low-altitude performance with high measurement accuracy, strong ECCM capability.
CETC YLC-18 radar is mainly used to detect all kinds of air targets, especially low altitude and ultra-low altitude targets such as helicopters, UAVs and cruise missiles. It can be used as low altitude blinding radar of land air defense network and target search radar of air defense weapon system.
CETC YLC-18 radar Specifications:
- Operating frequency: EF-band
- Coverage: (Pd = 80%, RCS = 2m2)
- Range: ≥ 250km
- Height: ≥ 12,000m
- Elevation: 0º ~ 35º
- Azimuth: 0º ~ 360º
Its detection range suggest instantaneous PRF of 600 pps thus operational PRF of approx 400 is suspected.
Measurement accuracy: (rms)
- Azimuth: ≤ 0.3º
- Range: ≤ 100m
- Height: ≤ 600m (within 200km)
- Assembly/disassembly: 20mins/4 persons
- MTBCF: ≥ 1,000 hrs
- MTTR: ≤ 30 mins
In view of its 3D capability and potential to control aircraft and surface-to-air weapons, its likely frequency cover is shown, which is within the ITU regulated bands.
- Frequency: Three Dimension Radar
- Band: L-Band
- Azimuth: 360°
- Scanning Technology: Pencil Beam Scan and Phased Array System Scanning Technology
- Total Detection Range of YLC-18A Radar: >500 Kilometers
- Accuracy of YLC-18A Radar: 200 Kilometers
- Height of YLC-18A Radar: <500 m(R: <200km); 750 m(R: 300km)
- Resolution Range: <100 Meters
- Total Elevation Range: 0.50 – +200
- Angle Measurement System: Monopulse Angle Measurement
- Signal Processor: Advanced Programmable Digital Signal Processing
- Signal Transmitter of YLC-18A Radar: Distributed High Power Solid-State Transmitter
- Frequency Diversity Option: Yes
- Antenna aperture of YLC-18A Radar: 7m x 9m
- Antenna sidelobe level of YLC-18A Radar: -35dB
- Rated Power Output of YLC-18A Radar: 5.5 KW
- Peak Rated Power of YLC-18A Radar: 85 KW
- MTI improvement factor: 44dB
“PAF can use the YLC-18A as a Surface to Air Missile (SAM) target indicator and anti-aircraft artillery force. Furthermore, it contains the capability of Constant False Alarm Rate processing and Digital Moving Target Indication.”
YLC-18A can easily elevate its radar antenna in seconds. It can start a high-speed 360 rotation for the detection of any low or medium-altitude targets.
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JY-27A ANTI STEALTH
Anti-Stealth JY-27A radar spotted in Pakistan – Researchers at Jane’s (IHS Markit) have identified a JY-27A CVLO radar in imagery of Mianwali Air Base in Pakistan.
Revealed at the 2016 Zhuhai Air Show, CETC had advertised the JY-27A as VHF (very high frequency) radar, in which state it offers 2D electronic-scanning in azimuth and elevation.
Of its benefits, CETC promoted the JY-27A’s ability to detect low-observable (LO) or ‘stealth’ aircraft, such as the F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II, at long-range.
The JY-27A CVLO (counter-very-low-observable) radar’s range is not known, Unofficial reports pegged its capability at roughly 500 km. In addition, the JY-27A can also provide situational awareness of incoming ballistic missiles.
it is a Very High Frequency (VHF) active phased array radar. The newer one antenna design is clearly influenced by the 1L13 Nebo SV “Box Spring” and 1L119 Nebo SVU. The radiating elements are horizontally polarized.
JY 27A has two versions (need confirmation) the first one is belied to be VHF band JY-27A radar can detect F-22 and F-35 fighters 500 kilometres away, and UHF band JY-27A radar can detect such targets in 300 kilometres.
JY 27A is an all-round digital array active phased array radar with agile wave beam scanning and strong task scheduling and resources management capabilities, which make it a strong multi-task and multi-function radar with much greater maneuverability and reliability in carrying out its tasks.
It adopts a series of new technology such as super resolution height measuring that is commensurate with complicate topography, continuous vertical coverage of air space and integrated anti-jamming technology. Such technologies enable it to overcome the traditional shortcomings of meter-wave radar that fails to cover low elevation, monitor airspace continuously or to measure the height of a target.
JY-27A is a 3-D long-range air surveillance & guidance radar that is resistant to jamming and is highly reliable and mobile. It is a VHF Radar that uses an active phased array antena. JY-27A is able to detect stealth aircraft like F-22 in a distance of up to 500 km.
Coupled with JF-17 & FD 2000 this can give PAF a massive punch in the South Asian region.
JY-27A 3-D, it is a Very High Frequency (VHF) active phased array radar. VHF radars, with their longer wavelengths are capable of detecting stealth aircraft.
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Radars are costly machines and have a maximum life limit and they require a high level of maintenance and overhauling. It is hence not so easy for them to be operational 24/7. In other words they have a relatively short Mean Times Between Failure (MTBF). A multi-static radar system can be much effective for situations which require more vigilance.
Its a unique combination where BEST of Chinese & US Ground Radars are being integrated to close down gaps in Air Defense. Integration challenges aside – If we add to it the Drones induction and Anti Drone Jamming KORAL into the system – This would be a Game Changing Capability for Pakistan.
However its important to note that these Ground based Radar Sites on one side are great defense Force multipliers – Yet on other side are the most Prized High Value – Primary target for enemy SEAD Strike Missions and SOW – Cruise Missiles –
Hence protecting them with Capable Point Defense Systems becomes Critically important.
PAF YLC18A (YLC6 and RAC3D in background)
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PAKISTAN DEFENSE JOURNAL PDJ · October 15, 2021
Commissioning of a Chinese High – to – Medium Air Defence System 红旗-9 Red Banner [HIMDAS HQ-9/P] into Pak Army Air Defence —Oct 2021
PREAMBLE : Pakistan’s Air-force chief was quoted on Local media in March this year that Pakistan would install the new Long range Air defense system within 2021. [AD] AIRCHIEF QUOTED ON LOCAL MEDIA GROUP WITH STRATEGIC STATEMENTS – ‘PAKISTAN TO GET NEW AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM IN 2021’ THE CAPABILITY ADDED : Pakistan Military arms of Airforce and Army Air defense in close Synergy are upgrading defensive capabilities, such as Advanced Radars, Communication systems, and SAMs, to purposely organize these Assets into what is termed an “integrated air defense system” —or an IADS. This modern IADS is far more complex than a singular LY-80 SAM battery or its associated command vehicle and radar. An IADS is the “structure, equipment, personnel, procedures, and weapons used to counter the enemy’s airborne penetration of one’s own claimed territory,” Due to its geographical location in the vicinity of the most volatile regions of the world, the deployment of an advanced air defense system against the threat posed by the missile and aircraft capabilities in the arsenals of a number of surrounding countries has become an urgent necessity for Pakistan. As part of strengthening the Layered – Integrated Air defense Capabilities of Pakistan Air Defense – It was hinted since long that Pakistan is missing a Long – to – Medium range SAM System. FD-2000 or HQ-9 A/B was always touted as Pakistan’s choice. Pakistan has acquired and commissioned HQ -9 / P into its integrated Air defense system linked with AEW&C , Anti Stealth Radars & BeiDou GPS System. The system is called “ Comprehensive Layered Integrated Air Defense (CLIAD) “. ———————————————————————————————————————- THE STRATEGIC IMPORATNCE : More than the specifications etc, the integration of Assets such as VT-4 Al Haider, Hangoor S-20 AIP Attack Submarines , TYPE 54 A/P Frigates, PL-15E BVR Missiles and HQ-9/P [with J-10CE in pipe line] this is a clear indication of “The inter-operability concept “ for 02 Front War – a Strategic doctrine in practice. Interoperability allows forces, units or systems to operate together. It requires them to share common doctrine and procedures, each others’ infrastructure and bases, and to be able to communicate with each other. It reduces duplication in an Alliance members, allow pooling of resources, and even produces synergies among members. Chinese & Pakistani militaries are on course of achieving interoperability through decades of joint planning, training, exercises , Bases , Information – Intel sharing and common Assets. —————————————————————————————————————— Chinese have rigorously tested HQ-9 Systems in latest exercises putting it to Combat Scenarios in war games. [AIR DEFENSE] CHINESE TEST OUT THE ADVANCED HQ-9B AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM IN “EXTREME” CONDITIONS – 30 MAY 2021 Speaking at the occasion, COAS said that The induction of high-tech systems will make Pakistan’s air defence impenetrable in the emerging threat scenario. Highlighting the criticality of air defence in the overall defence of motherland, COAS said exemplary synergy between Pakistan Air Force and Pakistan Army Air Defence makes country’s air defence impregnable. Pakistan–China strategic partnership and defence collaboration is a factor of stability in the region. Senior officials from China were also present on the occasion, the ISPR added. DETAILS OF THE SYSTEM: The HQ-9 development program began in the early 1980s. The missile design was initially based on some limited U.S. Patriot air defence missile technology, but was later incorporated with Russian S-300 missile design and technologies. That’s why its claimed that HQ-9 is a hybrid ‘cold-launched’ design based on a Russian SA-20 but with radar, seeker head and C2 elements heavily influenced by American and Israeli technology. Its B version with Hybrid – Dual Seeker having I/Red + Semi Active Radar homing S.A.R.H modes – has proved more effective in Chinese usage & Trials over Russian S-300 PMU / PMU1 / PMU2 systems. HQ-9 / P uses an advanced Aerial interceptor missile with high-performance Fire Control & Search Radar systems. The system in itself is ‘Modular in approach and highly Mobile’ & has four major operational functions: Communications, Command and control, Radar surveillance, and Missile guidance. The four functions combine to provide a coordinated, secure, integrated, mobile air defense system. “Mobility matters for two reasons, the first being battle-space mobility or the ability of the system to “ hide, shoot and scoot” evading defence suppression weapons, and the second being the system’s deploy-ability or ability to redeploy locally, across a theater, or between theaters. These systems present genuine challenges in SEAD and DEAD operations.” GUIDANCE & FIRE CONTROL Nicknamed 65-Radar Set or AN/MPQ-53 was at the heart of the system used by USA – known as the “Phased Array Tracking Radar to Intercept On Target or P.A.T.R.I.O.T MM-104. “..The HQ-9’s guidance is very similar to that of the Patriot missile, consisting of inertial initial guidance + radio command mid-course correction + track-via-missile (TVM) terminal guidance. Mid-course correction commands are transmitted to the guidance system from the ground engagement control station. The target acquisition system in the missile acquires the target in the terminal phase of flight and transmits the data using the TVM down-link via the ground radar to the engagement control station for final course correction calculations. The course correction commands are transmitted back to the missile via the command uplink.” – Sinodefense.com HQ-9 can use a variety of radar sensors to detect different targets, including ballistic missiles and stealth objects. A battery may include HT-233 engagement radar, H-200 mobile engagement radar, and a number of search radars like the Type 120 low altitude acquisition radar, Type 305A 3D acquisition radar, or Type 305B 3D acquisition radar , plus One positioning vehicle, One communications vehicle, One power supply 200 kW Diesel generator truck and One support vehicle with Crane at the back.. “..The battery engagement radar will only emit if a target enters its engagement envelope, and emissions will be constrained to the target alone, the intent being to minimize opportunities for detection by enemy ISR assets..” HT-233 is the 3-Dimensional C-band Mono-pulse planar phased array frequency hopper, Fire Control Radar FCR under the control of a TWS-312 battery command post, used by HQ-9 that is closest to Patriot MM-104 ‘s AN/MPQ-53. The octagonal or truncated square passive phased array is claimed to employ 4,000 phase shifter elements. HT-233 FCR operates in the 300 MHz bandwidth and has a detection range of 120.0 km While tracking range of 90.0 km. It can detect targets in azimuth [360 degrees] and elevation [0 -65 degrees], and is capable of tracking some 100 airborne targets and simultaneously engaging more than 50 targets. The radar system is carried on a Taian TAS5380 8X8 heavy-duty cross-country vehicle. The three new HQ-9 acquisition Search radars are : * Type 120 [L-Band Low Altitude Search] * Type 305A [S-Band AESA YLC-2 advanced version ] , and * Type 305B [Alternate AESA FCR – Anti Ballistic capability ], …..All self-propelled high mobility designs carried on licence built Mercedes-Benz NG 80 ‘North Benz’ heavy trucks. The added inclusion of the Type 305-series depicts the HQ-9 system with highly improved electronic counter-countermeasure (ECCM) capabilities against enemy electronic warfare (EW) jamming. However, it appears to be untested in combat – and even the Patriot system is apparently not very effective against cruise missiles, implying that the Chinese system isn’t going to do any better. THE TYPICAL CONFIGURATION OR LAYOUT : A Typical PLA HQ-9 UNIT would be formed as per below configuration : * 1 X Control vehicle * 1 X TRV Targeting radar vehicle * 1 X SRV Search-radar vehicle * 8 X TELs Transporter Erector Launchers * Each with 4 missiles, totaling 32 rounds ready to fire. .” A basic HQ-9 unit [A Battalion] comprises of above configuration with capability to fire 32 missiles. Thereafter tactically , the basic UNIT is expanded into a formation called BATTERY ; Each Battery consists of 6 basic units in following configuration : to include a command vehicle which in turn can command 6 control vehicles, 6 targeting radar vehicles, 6 search-radar vehicles, 48 missile-launch vehicles, and 192 missiles; plus a positioning vehicle, a communications vehicle, a power supply vehicle and a support vehicle. * 1 X Common Command vehicle * 6 X x Control vehicles * 6 X TRVs Targeting radar vehicles * 6 X SRVs Search-radar vehicles * 6 X 8 X TELs Transporter Erector Launchers * Each with 4 missiles, totaling 192 missiles ready to fire. .” Under 1 Command Vehicle – these batteries can cover six different locations. The Command Vehicle of HQ-9 / P is an A C&C – Automated Air defense Command and control system, designed for for the battery level operation . Using Link -17 – BeiDou , The Command Vehicle can ‘cooperate’ with other C2 systems [e.g. ZDK-03] , giving the Officer Commanding with a “Real Time complete picture of the air situation”. The Command vehicle can also share the SA with other surface to air assets under the umbrella such as LY-80 / P , SPADA-2000 , HQ-7 and MANPADS. Szafran Land Forces Command and Control Information System Szafran-ZT is an automated command and control system, designed to support the Land Forces Command at the level of battalion, brigade, division or corps level. It supports execution of the entire command cycle, including position setting, planning, tasking and control. Szafran-ZT consists of both hardware and software systems, as well as Local Area Network Architecture and dedicated, secure data transfer links. The solutions allow to supply the commander with a high level of situational awareness and to shorten the reaction times. MISSILES SYSTEM : ——————————————————————————————————————- HQ-9B deploys 2- stage “Cold Launch Long-range missiles armed with a 180.0 kg warheads. ——————————————————————————————————————- The first stage of the missile has 700 mm diameter; while 2nd stage has 560 mm. Missile is 6.8 meters in Length with a total mass of approx 2.0 tons. ——————————————————————————————————————- Reportedly these missiles can intercept targets. moving at speed up to Mach 4.2. Each HQ-9 launcher contains four missiles stored in individual containers and is transported on Taian TA5380 8×8 high mobility chassis. These Missiles make use of T.V.C technology i.e thrust vector control, and are guided by a combination of * Inertial guidance * Mid course uplink * Active radar terminal guidance systems . During War exercises and Trials since 2007 – 2009 — The HQ-9B version can reportedly engage targets in excess of 250 km ranges. The advanced version of the system called HQ-9C can intercept targets at hyper-sonic speeds of up to Mach 10 – 15 . ——————————————————————————————————————- A QUICK COMPARISON SCENARIO :- In 2004 China ordered 16 missile batteries of S-300PMU2 (SA-20B) for 2000M USD. With the new S-300 a new missile variant was designed the 48N6E2 (export variant) to increase the engagement zone up to 200 km. Few would know that S-400 was initially named S-300PMU3 ; Yet it was renamed S-400 because of marketing reasons. And it worked well. The S-400 was ordered by many foreign customers. China has already ordered 6x missile batteries (3000M USD), India ordered 5x batteries (2500 M USD) and Turkey 4x batteries (2500M USD) with different quantity of missiles. Others say that For the S-400 , A new 40N6 missile was designed with active radar guidance which allows 380 km maximal engagement range Plus equipped with a powerful radar 92N6E with better Jamming resistance. Intercepting ballistic missiles at long range and Kinetic Kill Capabilities – Falls short. ———————————————————————————————————————- The Chinese then ordered the Russian S-400 to digest learning from it to their indigenous systems. The acquisition of Russian S-400 has helped the Chinese modify and upgrade their own indigenous Air defense systems , as a routine practice they do with Russian premium systems.Chinese have invested heavily in defense industry and fruits of it are in front of us. HQ-9B is a Low Altitude theater wide system. It must be noted that the acquisition is not NEW ; rather its integration and networking with other systems was a work in progress. With this addition and multiple endeavors since last 5 years – Air defense of Pakistan is now based on an “Integrated Layered defense network” ; which consists of :- * Multiple layers of short to medium ranged missile sites * Their combination with multiple radar systems that provide ”Near gap free surveillance” * Air borne surveillance aircraft ( AEW&C) * Control centers and Air bases which have to ability of scrambling Fighter Jets / Interceptor on interception missions. at short notice time. YLC-18 and TPS-77 MRR will form the new pair of “ Low Level Radar coverage for Pakistan going forward as they are less prone to Jamming and would be an attempt to plug gaps. =================================================== CONCLUDING THOUGHTS: Very few would know that HIMADs are strategic Assets and thier location / own protection needs systems to safeguard them against potential attacks. The effective deployment of HIMAD HQ-9 / P by Pakistan and a potential acquisition and placement of S-400 battery [Some would be placed against Chinese positions] [If CATSA Restrictions are not slapped on India] – This means Ground forces, Strike Cores and Armour ed divisions of both sides will have NO CONSIDERABLE AIR COVER 100 – 150 kms both sides of the border. Hence the integration of Stand off Weapons, Al Haider VT-4 and SH-15 SP Howitzers are good inductions. Depiction of 4 HIMAD Regiments. PAKISTAN’S AIR DEFENSE – ANALYSIS OF TPS 77 HLR In modern warfare – No Battle system or Weapons / Defense Platform operates in a vacuum. Today wars are first planned & then conducted by forming a synchronized – yet complex Strategy , in which each wheel of the system plays its role in a precise manner in sync with various other systems of other arms of Military . Nothing is static in the realm of modern warfare. When new technology or tactics come out, moves and counter-moves, weapons development and new defenses against new weapons -The adversaries study the consequences and the best way to counter them whether it’s with a new system or with new tactics. So Next in Line — HQ-19 for the ADVANCED ANTI-BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE ABMS. Thanks PDJ ——————————————————————————————————————— [AIR DEFENCE] ‘THE MEDIUM TO LONG RANGED ‘AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM Regional Warfare???? on Twitter Pakistan Armed Forces News ???????? on Twitter Pak-China strategic partnership, defence collaboration key to region’s stability: COAS Bajwa
PAKISTAN DEFENSE JOURNAL PDJ · September 29, 2021
Chinese advancement in Ground Radars – YLC-8E Anti Stealth Radar
China has recently showcased what was touted to be a revolutionary radar at the Zhuhai airshow. The YLC-8E is a significant addition to the People’s Liberation Army’s anti-stealth capabilities, a development seen as a major challenge for the US’ highly advanced F-35 and F-22 fighter jets. Hu Mingchun, director of the No.14 Research Institute at the state-owned China Electronics Technology Group Co, made the statements in an exclusive interview with the Global Times on the sidelines of the 9th World Radar Expo held in Nanjing, capital of East China’s Jiangsu Province on Friday. He introduced star items the research institute brought to the exhibition, including Anti Stealth radars such as The SLC-7 L-band 3D surveillance radar system YLC-8E UHF-band 3D surveillance radar system Anti Drone Radar YLC-48 portable multipurpose reconnaissance radar. (LEFT TO RIGHT) CHINESE SLC-7 RADAR AND YLC-48 PORTABLE MULTIPURPOSE RECONNAISSANCE RADAR Going by open-source intelligence, such a technology would likely work by generating an E M W – Electromagnetic Storm, which would serve to acquire the location of incoming stealth aircraft. Researchers at China’s Tsinghua University had said they intend to develop a full-sized prototype. Chinese scientists explained that high-energy quantum particles would be able to acquire targets not typically visible to radars. How YLC-8E Was Developed The YLC-8E is the brainchild of the Chinese state-owned CETC and has been touted to be the “flagship of Chinese stealth radar”. The device has been described as the world’s first UFH band anti-stealth radar system and also the pioneer in special high-frequency radar technology and active phase-controlled array radar coupled with a novel anti-stealth sharp device. [Above : China’s YLC-8B anti-stealth radar] China’s state-owned Global Times had earlier explained that the antenna of the YLC-8E is gigantic. With its high power and cutting-edge information process technology, it can detect even the most advanced stealth aircraft. It can also detect other types of targets at long range and high definition with its key parameters superior, making it superior to foreign competitors. The YLC-8E has the basic features seen in any 4th-generation intelligence radar. It can be leveraged to provide critical combat command systems with actionable intelligence, integrate the intelligence collected, and even intercept aerial threats and hostile weapon systems. This stealth reportedly possesses independent guidance capabilities as well. The YLC-8E is mandated with a myriad of crucial battlefield functions, including providing anti-aircraft alerts emanating from varying altitudes. It is also responsible for aircraft guidance tasks and target search and acquisition. To surmise, the YLC-8E has been described as the “backbone of the radar network.” Should US Be Worried? The Chinese YLC-8E system has been marketed as a super radar capable of detecting American aircraft F-22 and F-35. According to Song Zhongping, a Hong Kong-based military commentator and a former PLA instructor, Beijing is making technological strides in quantum-based radars and laser-based radar systems besides metric wave radars which collectively improve the military’s capabilities. This is part of an ongoing effort to integrate the entire nation’s early warning network. China’s quest to have more advanced ANTI – STEALTH radars came as countries around the world are researching and buying stealth fighters or drones to boost their defenses. And China is attempting to ensure its airspace remains secure. Hu Mingchun one of the directors at the Research Institute at China Electronics Technology Group told the Global Times – The antenna of the YLC-8E is enormous. With its high power and state-of-art information process technology, the YLC-8E can discover even the stealthiest of aircraft. It can also detect other targets at long range and high definition making it much superior to other radars. Earlier radars often had assigned purposes, but this highly versatile radar can not only detect stealth fighter jets and other aircraft but can also be employed for early warning and artillery reconnaissance. This means that this radar can single-handedly serve the purpose of multiple radars operating concurrently, Hu added. China claims it has developed Anti Stealth Radar to track VLO Jets. China Is Reportedly Developing Quantum Radar to Detect Stealth Jets
https://pdj.quora.com/YLC-8E-Anti-Stealth-Radar
Radar & Defence: the cat-and-mouse game.
INDRA II 2D Doppler mobile surveillance Local Warning Radar (LOWARD). It will be replaced by 2-vehicle Air-Defence Tactical Control Radar (ADTCR) that consist of AESA radar with digital beam…
https://356007295890291112.weebly.com/military-hardware-tech/radar-defence
Sino – Turkiye – Pakistan Military Defence · March 11, 2022
Pakistan Air Defense Picks up a High Speed Supersonic Surface – to – Surface Projectile fired from Indian territory.
Intelligence reports show that this was a Super Sonic Missile [BrahMos] Un-Armed fired from an Indian missile testing range close to border and that ‘some interference disrupted the BrahMos guidance system resulting it in veer off course. Pakistan army spokesman Major General Babar Iftikhar addresses a news conference in Rawalpindi, March 10, 2022 (ISPR). Iftikhar said Pakistan’s air defense system picked up the surface-to-surface rocket as soon as it took off from the Indian city of Sirsa, about 104 kilometers from the border between the two countries, and “continuously monitored” its complete flight path. “From its initial course, the object suddenly maneuvered towards Pakistani territory and violated Pakistan’s airspace, ultimately falling near Mian Channu,” he said. The general explained that the missile was flying at an altitude of 12 kilometers and stayed in Pakistani airspace for roughly 204 seconds before ending up 124 kilometers inside Pakistan in the eastern border province of Punjab. “And when it fell, it also damaged some civilian property. Thankfully, no loss or injury to human life was caused,” he said, noting that there were no sensitive military installations in the area of impact. [Indian Ace BrahMos Wreckage Trophy Collected] As per ISPR it was a projectile traveling at around Mach 3. It was in Pak air space for around 3 mins and crashed in a field. No casualties but a wall of a nearby building was damaged. It was being monitored from time of take off ,was not armed and most likely it lost guidance and veered off course. OFFICIAL RESPONSE BY INDIA : Sino Pak Military Defense Forum
