May 2021 Thirty years ago, on May 18th, 1991, the Republic of Somaliland declared independence. This separation from Somalia, which had not been legally prepared

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Authors panelKristin M. Bakke, Andrew M. Linke, John O’Loughlin, Gerard Toal  Abstract Post-war state-building is fraught with challenges as “war-makers” pivot to become “state-makers.” Citizen assessments of public good provision and physical

Signed at Cairo, on 8 November 1959; in force 12 December 1959Registered by the United Arab Republic on 7 February 1963 As the River Nile

In the 19th century the scramble for Africa by the colonising European powers can only be discussed on a continental wide basis. It would be

By the late 19th century, the presence of Europeans in Africa had become familiar – as merchants, missionaries, explorers, colonizers, planters, or conquerors. Yet they were

Simon Imbert-Vier RÉSUMÉ This article provides a general overview of the military events around Djibouti during the First World War. It then details Ethio-French relations at the beginning

Violence is not the way to end violence and bring peace to the Middle East.  Jason Guinasso October 20, 2023 People gather around a large

Peace is notoriously difficult to define, and this poses a special challenge for articulating any comprehensive philosophy of peace. Any discussion on what might constitute

 Gwilym David Blunt, City, University of London September, 2020 The summer of 2020 was indelibly marked by political violence on the streets of many American cities.